Thesis defence

Thesis defense

17 TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON Interdisciplinary Social Sciences

12 TH DISCIPLINARY CONFERENCE ON Aging & Social Change

Thesis defense

Graduated with Distinction

TESTIMONIALS

FIND MORE TESTIMONIALS FROM A I U STUDENTS HERE: www.aiu.edu/Testimonials.aspx

Ivan Craig
Master of Agricultural Science
November 19, 2021
“My name is Ivan William Craig of Zimbabwe. I was enrolled with Atlantic International University for a Bachelor in Technology Advances in Agriculture and Extension which I was so excited about to complete. My wish was to improve academically but due to pressure of work I failed to accomplish that, in many cases I got carried away and registered with several local colleges and the other time I tried with South African correspondence colleges but my dear friends it was just in vein until a friend introduced me to Atlantic International University (AIU), from then I never looked back on my education life, which started to improve positively. I found it exciting at the same time challenging to go through the program, it excited me in the sense that the knowledge I was using in my course work, most of it was from my day today work and acquiring knowledge from the farmers and fellow technocrats I worked with in the agriculture and extension fraternity, I owe it to the farmers and technocrats of Zimbabwe of which the repayment is easy, I just have to deliver for the betterment of my country on food security and balanced nutrition. My focus as I implement my acquired knowledge is to see the rural economic recovery of Zimbabwe through skilled empowerment and employment creation as cushion against rural-urban migration, to curtail urban population pressure and related health risks while balancing rural/ urban population distribution and per capita living standards. Let me openly admit that the program prepared me sufficiently to face the food security, nutrition and poor living standards challenges being faced by Africa as a whole if not the world. ... READ FULL TEXT: https://www.aiu.edu/Testimonialdetail.html?It emID=1781&rcid=73&pcid=63&cid=73.

Cynthia Sukhai
Master of Forensic Psychology
December 3, 2021

“I, Cynthia. S. Sukhai, applied at Atlantic International University (AIU) in December, 2020 to continue my studies in Psychology. My field of study was Forensic Psychology, I applied to the Master’s program in Forensic Psychology. The estimated time for completion of this program was two (2) years, however, I completed it in approximately one (1) year. The time I spent studying at this university was very productive, I gained more knowledge on my field of study which made me improved my recognition as it relates to employment. The courses were structured to ensure learning would take place without any confusion. I was extremely pleased with the fact that I was able to work at my own pace, due to my work schedules it would have been difficult for me to have a set class time. Another factor that I experienced while studying at AIU was the fast-marking period. When I submitted an assignment, it was graded in a few days, the most. Besides the academic satisfactions, during my time at AIU I had the pleasure of communicating with a few of the staff members. Ms. Judith Brown, Ms. Liliana Penaranda and Dr. Edward Lambert, they were extremely pleasant and encouraging throughput my time at this university. Ms. Judith Brown was my Admissions Counselor, she was one of the first representatives of the university that I spoke with, and from her encouraging words I knew this was the right university for me. Ms. Liliana Penaranda was the tutor assigned to me, she assisted me to the best of her abilities and her efforts were appreciated. Dr. Edward lambert assisted me with my final thesis, he gave me great ideas and was very supportive. Overall, I can say with no hesitation that my experience here at AIU was the best experience I had with any university, that is why I applied at AIU to further my studies in attaining a PhD ... Read full text: https://www.aiu.edu/Testimonialdetail.html?Ite mID=1783&rcid=73&pcid=63&cid=73 Christian Nnatuanya
Doctor of Information Technology
December 10, 2021

“My name is Christian Nnatuanya, a PhD student of Atlantic International University (AIU). I got to know about AIU online while on my usual way of surfing the internet. I applied to be admitted as one of their students and within a very short interval, I was contacted by the University admission official. I was right away interviewed, and it was more of a conversation. I was and am still happy with the manner I was approached and orally examined. After fulfilling all the admissions requirements, I was offered an admission in the school with a parttime scholarship. This made schooling easy and very affordable for me, coming from a developing country with a very weak economy. Schooling at AIU made me have an all new experience of healthy and enjoyable education. I was able to combine my demanding job with education. Learning was made interactive and interesting for me. The tutors I met in AIU were always supportive and available to assist. With the manner the school activities were designed, learning became more entertaining for me ... Read full text: https://www.aiu.edu/Testimonialdetail.html?Ite mID=1785&rcid=73&pcid=63&cid=73

Publications by Students: aiu.edu/StudentPublication.html

Understanding theories and beliefs on Animal’s Behavior

Sabrina E. Donaldson | Master Degree in Animal Science | Part 2/2

Ethology & Neuroscience Ethology is the term used to study animal behavior. This means that the person who studies ethology is known as an; ethologist. Scientists who study the behavior of animals and work with animals know when they are in a certain mood. This knowledge will help scientists who breed animals to know when it is their mating season based on signs and symptoms displayed by the animal. Ethologist do believe that the secrets to how an animal behave is dependent upon the animal’s gene (Grandin & Deesing, 2013). Then and there, ethologist have a different point of view of belief than the founder of “Behaviorism”, J.B. Watson (1930). Ethologists believe that firstly, identifying the genotype and phenotype of animals which lead them to observe their genes to discover and figure out why animals behave a particular way. Neuroscience helps to defend or co-relates with Darwin’s point of view as it relates to his theory or belief on emotions in animals. From this, scientist looked at brain systems that control emotions. The four main emotional systems located in the subcortical areas of the brain are; FEAR, RAGE, PANIC and SEEKING (Grandin & Deesing, 2013). Scientists discovered that these emotional systems in the brain show or explain animals behavior or those that looked deeply into things and realized the differences between an animal’s and a human’s brain. This is how the sub-topic “Neuroscience”, comes about and how it’s relates to the information discussed.

Young animals raised in separate environments can have an effect on the development of their nervous system of the animals. For example; wild animals are mostly reared in wild areas or woodlands, deserts etc. These animals are mostly prone to being wild or more active than animals raised in a zoo (enclose area), house (pets) etc. Animals reared in a household, their behaviors are generally different than those raised in the field where all other animals are and entangles with multiple different animal, observing and attracting their behaviors. An Animal’s behavior is dependent upon a lot of factors, it can also be the case where they live in the field or woodland amongst many different or same species. These animals tend to behave wilder, aggressive, etc. This is why the scientist discovers that the environment can play a major factor on the development of an animal’s nervous system. Animal’s behavior can be due to a whole lot of factors. Animals do produce hormones that are somewhat similar to those produces or secretes in a human’s body especially for mammalians. The adrenal glands do have an effect on an animal’s behavior. Why? The adrenal gland secretes hormones; adrenaline and noradrenaline. In human biology and physiology, (It is expressed/outlined/stated that) the inner and outer portion of the adrenal glands are responsible for the secretion of these hormones. The inner portion of the animals’ adrenal gland will secrete the adrenaline. This hormone is usually released when the animal is under attack (FEAR / PANIC), and this goes right back to the emotional system of the animal which is reflected based on their response in behavior. If an animal is being attacked by a predator, this means that the animal will become FEARFUL of the other and tries to get out of its reach, to be able to survive. These signs can be detected based on the animal facial expressions sometimes, they might run, they might portray some escape behavior. Wilder species would protract stronger fearful response compared to domestic animals such as; cattle and sheep (Grandin & Deesing, 2013). If an animal is undergoing their mating season for example; swine (pig) they display behavioral signs such as; restlessness, standing heat etc. These are responses or signs given off to animal breeders or artificial inseminators would look out for in an animal behavior to know when it’s their mating season. This is how animal reproduction comes in place. Ethologist also looked into several means to know reason why animals behave a particular way.

Difference between innate and learned behaviors Animal’s behavior can also be summarized into two terms; “innate” and “learned” behavior. In a regular situation, if you place your index finger in a baby’s hand middle or foot bottom, they will automatically grab unto your finger (Bozeman Science, 2012). Babies aren’t born with any knowledge of anything, but with this behavior or reaction babies give when place your finger there, it shows that babies are born with this instinct of theirs. This way of action is called innate. There are some animals that naturally born portraying a particular activity which isn’t something they learn but they just naturally do it. This is what innate behaviors are all about animals displaying a certain behavior that they are born doing without learning it from any other organism.

Learned behavior is much more detailed then innate behavior. Learned behavior is self-explanatory, meaning, these animals would learn these types of behaviors that they portray. Ethologist studies the different behaviors animals display by observing them, and placing them around certain animals or even humans and carrying out researches and experiments to see and know how animals react differently to stimuli. Learned behaviors are as follows; imprinting, associative learning, trial & error, observational learning and insight (Bozeman Science, 2012). Imprinting is a type of learned behavior where the baby/offspring of animals watch and observe their mother’s behavior. For example; a duckling can imprint on humans when they are very young. If you take away the mother the ducklings and replace with a human (woman or man), they will imprint on the human, thinking it’s their mother. Ducklings often imprint on humans and this is how we discuss the process of the animals learning this particular behavior by imprinting on humans. (Bozeman Science, 2012) Associative learning is a process through which animals go through to learn and react to a particular stimuli based on what is being taught. Ethologist studies many different ways to see how animals will behave or react to a particular stimulus, however the theory on “Pavlov’s dog”, where he rings a bell and each time in ringing the bell he observes and watched the reaction of the dog by observing his salivary discharge. Dogs are very smart and observant animals in the animal kingdom, they are so smart that they can sense and identify their food with ease. Sometimes when the bell is rung and there was no food, the saliva of the dog would not be so much, if you show them food alone their saliva might not be enough either. If you ring the bell and show the food at the same time, their saliva will be longer or increase than the first two trials. This is showing that the animal is reacted to this stimulus the best, he reacts faster when the bell was rung along with the presence of food. (Bozeman Science, 2012)

Trail & Error Learning is a method of observing animal’s behavior by carrying out experiments to test their reaction and see how they will behave as well as to teach them. This type of behavior learnt by animals is associated with the B.F. Skinner experiment with his skinner box in which he used to teach the rat a lesson and know when to and when not to go for the food and know the difference between the two lights. This is how this learning technique can be applied to B.F. Skinner experiment by teaching the animal and allowing them to learn and see how they will react based on applying rewards such as food and a shock to let them know not to go when it’s a red light.

(Bozeman Science, 2012) Observational learning is basically when animal’s watch and observe each other as well as watching and observing humans and is following what they do. For example, based on scientific research, it was said that monkeys are almost or close to being humans. Why do you think that conclusion was made? Monkeys are smart and very observant. They will watch you and mimic or follow your every move and action. That’s how they learn easily and adopt to their very own environments. This brings us back to realizing that animals learn based on the environment s they are living in. If a monkey is placed in a home with only humans, he will follow their every movement and attempt to behave like humans e.g. monkeys can stick out their tongue if they catch you doing it to them. If you place them in the jungle or zoo they will behave like their family. At the zoo, monkeys sometime behave like humans because they are seeing visitors (people) and they copy the humans’ behavior towards them. That’s how they learn and portray that behavior as well. Animals can observe their surroundings and learn based on the actions displayed. If someone places a finger on the top of their forehead, the chimpanzee will follow and copy the action; placing its finger to its forehead just the same. Motor neuron and mirror neuron are what helps with their learning and observation to follow what they saw. This is how they observe what you are doing and learn from your actions.

(Bozeman Science, 2012) Insight, this is where animal’s such as chimpanzees are given something to try and solve a particular puzzle or challenge. For example; placing a chimpanzee in a room that has boxes or crates and the objective is for the animal to reach a bunch of bananas hanging from the ceiling. In order for the chimpanzee to reach the bananas, it has to place boxes or crates on top of each other to reach them. It must be taken into account their brain isn’t fully developed or as developed as humans to know what do at the same time, hence they will try and try until they finally solve the problem by placing the boxes on top of each other to complete its goal. This is called insight, they might not born or have the essential knowledge needed to complete or solve problems but they try and try until they finally figure out what is required to get something done. This is how animals learn and this is how ethologist discover what they are capable of and how to work with them and improve on their learning abilities. (Bozeman Science, 2012)

Conclusion There is a very complex interaction or relation with observing animal’s based on genetic features as well as environmental factors which determines an animal’s behavior. An animal’s temperament can be influenced or affected (positively) by both an animal’s genetics (genotype and phenotype) as well as learning. Animal’s behaviors can be detected through; genetics’ according to scientist and physiologist that studies behaviorism and how genetics can affect animal’s behaviors, the study of ethology can show and explain how animal’s behavior based. They will be teaching the animals or showing the animal’s a particular item, which leads back to learned behavior which is a part of the study of animal’s behavior. Animals can learn how to behave by: learning whether they will watch and observe another organism, habituate just by them seeing or viewing the same stimuli over and over, learning through trial and error which is associated with what B.F. Skinner theory is about. Animals can learn a variety of ways and their behaviors can be detected by carrying out test and experiments. “Animals are interesting living organisms which play important roles in biodiversity, it is important that their behaviors are understood”. The End

REFERENCES. Bozeman Science. (2012, April 26). Animal Behavior {Paul Andersen steps you through eight types of animal behavior. He starts by defining ethology and explaining that behavior varies from innate to learned. He discusses each of the following with examples; instinct, fixed action pattern, imprinting, associative learning, trial and error learning, habituation, observational learning and insight.}.Retrieved from Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6hREwakXmAo&t=1s • Gillian P. McHugo, Michael J. Dover & David E. MacHugh. (2019, December 02). Unlocking the origins and biology of domestic animals using ancient DNA and paleogenomics. Retrieved from BMC Biology: https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/ 10.1186/s12915-019-0724-7 • Grandin & Deesing. (2013). Behavorism. In G. &. Deesing, Genetics and the Behavior of Domestic Animals (pp. 10-462). Colardo : Academic Press. • Grandin & Deesing. (2013). Ethology. In M. J. Temple Grandin, Genetics and the Behavior of Domestic Animals (p. 12 of 462). Colorado, USA: 2nd edition. Amsterdam : Academic Press. • Temple Grandin & Mark J. Deesing. (2013). Basic Genetics More Complex Than Other Traits. In T. G. Deesing, Genetics And The Behavior of Domestic Animals (pp. 9-426). Colorado: Academic Press.

The AIU extraordinary curriculum design

By Dr. Rosa Hilda Lora M. Advisor at AIU | [email protected]

We are observing the world in which we live, we analyze our lives and we come to the conclusion that we have to do something: that something is to see where the truth is to work with it and that can only be achieved with science. We look here and there and everything seems to be chaos; human beings with so much technology and also with science, which seeks something other than good, it seems that we can’t find a solution at the moment we are living. We see that every day things seem to be more complex. We already know that according to some scientists like Ilya Prigogine (Moscow 1917- Brussels, Belgium 2003) from chaos comes order. Prigogine is the Father of Chaos Theory. According to Prigogine, human actions have many directions and don’t go in the same proportion on the arrow of time backwards or forwards. Human actions have many variables, and their consequences can’t be determined as Classical Mechanics does. The accumulation of disorder determines a new order according to Prigogine.

It seems that we are in the process of structuring a new order, only from what can be seen we are looking for it in the deterministic sciences. We continue with our desire to find stability, well-being in our lives and the conclusion we reach is that we have to study to find solutions to the society in which we live in which a pandemic has revealed what we as human beings have done: create all a chaos. To study we search here and we search there in which university to do it. We see Atlantic International University (AIU) and we are struck by the fact that they have an Open Curriculum. We are going to see what a Curriculum is because whenever we hear or see the word written we think about the life story and work experience to apply for a job. A Curriculum, in this case, a Curriculum Design refers to the way in which the teaching-learning of a school institution is organized. Reviewing the literature on the subject we have to go first to the classics. José Gimeno Sacristán says: “...the Curriculum is a nuclear reference element to analyze what the school is in fact as a cultural institution and when designing an alternative institution project”. (Gimeno Sacristan, 2013, p. 19). https://profejhonny. weebly.com/uploads/2/2/8/1/22818782/el_ curr%C3%ADculum_una_reflexi%C3%B3n_ sobre_la_pr%C3%A1ctica_libro.pdf According to what should be the Curriculum Gimeno Sacristán says: “In an advanced society, knowledge has a relevant and progressively more decisive role.” (Gimeno Sacristan, 2013, p. 21) According to José Antonio Arnaz, the Curriculum is: “...a plan that rules and explicitly guides a concrete and determined teaching-learning process that takes place in an educational institution.” (Arnaz, 2016, p. 9)

In current works, from 2021, such as that of Joaquín Moreno Flores; “Curricular Design as a bridge between university and society”, he says: “…should the curriculum be designed in permanent concert with socio-economic needs? or on the contrary. Should it conform to the challenges that society poses?” (Moreno Flores, 2021, p. 3) In the Curriculum Design that AIU asks you to complete by making your Study Plan with your Descriptive Letters or courses, you have the freedom to generate your best skills for the future you want. Let's go to see the parts of a Curriculum Design so you can see what AIU gives you and what you have to do because there are students who think that they determine everything. Also your document that you will do will be evaluated. A Curriculum Design is made up of the following: a) Curriculum Objectives. They are the educational purposes of the Institution b) Curriculum. Content set. c) Descriptive Letters. The course guides d) Evaluation System. It includes the admission, evaluation and promotion system. All that is a Curriculum in AIU you have the Objectives: a Philosophy and a Policy. The Philosophy is manifested in: you are unique and unrepeatable. The Policy: the student will always be listened to. From the above you can infer that what is asked of you when AIU tells you: you have an open Curriculum Design, is that you can write your descriptive letters to build your study plan or program. You can freely do what you want your content set to be. Taking into consideration that according to Mario Bunge: science is the best style of thought and what Gimeno Sacristán says that knowledge has a relevant role: we have to seriously consider what science is useful for. You have at AIU the opportunity to build the part of your Curriculum that corresponds to your Program or Study Plan: your curriculum design or syllabus with the topics that you consider to have a way to grow as a human being and to have a job anywhere in the world. AIU ask you that each one of the works presented ends with an application for your community and for the solution of an international problem.

This requirement makes you investigate and learn to know the way the world is and to be able to acquire skills to enter the company that you propose or be an entrepreneur. You may think: I know little. How am I going to do it? You are going to do it looking for information in the electronic media that we have nowadays. I remind you Prigogine in his Chaos Theory. It means what AIU also asks of you: don't stay in the quantity. Your work must reach the holistic model. What do you resolve for human life? Nowadays we are in the way we see: in chaos because we want to do everything quantitatively and human actions have many variables: These human beings just want money. Those human beings don’t want to grow up doing something: working. Other human beings don’t want to be vaccinated but when they were children they gave them a series of vaccines.

These other human beings don’t think about the poor people they generate. Those other human beings give them the same not to study. Those rulers want to be rich until their nth generation. The chaos in which we are as a consequence of not finding solutions as a society to the Covid-19 pandemic and all its mutations, will continue until the prevailing disorder seeks its bifurcation to generate the balance of the crazy system in which we live nowadays. We have to work, all of us, as a society, towards solutions that allow human life and that will be by doing science that has human life as an end. Not with this global warming, not with each group of human being pulling for their convenience instead of the convenience of all. You have to make a curriculum design or syllabus

for everyone’s life. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Arnaz, J. 2016. La Planeación Curricular. México: Trillas. • Gimeno Sacristán, J. 2013. El curriculum: una reflexión sobre la práctica. Madrid: Morata • Moreno Flores, J. 2021. El diseño curricular como puente entre universidad y sociedad. Madrid: Paraninfo. • Pansza, M. 2005. Pedagogía y Currículo. México: Gernika.

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