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Studying in a society of misinformation and hate discourse

By Dr. Rosa Hilda Lora M. Advisor at AIU | [email protected]

We are living in a world where we don’t know where we are going to: Disinformation and Hate Speech. We hear here and there that this is not science. That this person did this or that. That such a company proceeds in this way or in this other way. That such a ruler is wonderful, and we know that what he does, it doesn’t correspond to the information that we see about him. We can think why study if we don’t know where we are going to. Studying has all the benefits that you don’t identify at first sight. Today we have a ruler who we were very surprised when we listened to the speech he addresses to his followers where he treats his opponents in the worst possible way. We are left: Where is the culture, the informal education of that person? There is little he says regarding his proposal to govern. Everything translates into attacking. We ask ourselves: Where is the respect for others and the position he wants to hold? The misinformation is such that some governments are working on it, such as the United States (USA), the European Union (EU), France, and the United Kingdom. These countries work by forming groups with others. United Nations is also working on the two problems: Disinformation and Hate Speech. The UN created Verifield for Disinformation. “New York, May 21, 2020 (United Nations Information Service). Today, the United Nations launched the “Verified” initiative https:// shareverified.com/en/ to combat the growing problem of misinformation by increasing the volume and scope of information”.

UN Launches a global initiative to combat disinformation. 2020. https://www. unodc.org/lpomex/es/noticias/mayo- 2020/2020_05_ONU_Verified.html Through this initiative, the UN seeks information volunteers to share reliable information to safely connect to their communities and families. People who join this program will receive daily content that has been verified before. It’s happening that we listen and hear lies and lies: “Lies spread faster than facts. For some strange reason, facts are very boring. Lies, especially when they are accompanied by fear, anger, hatred, tribalism, harm us, they spread. It’s like throwing a lit match into a fire”. UN- To avoid disi nformation, di gital platforms need to be regulated. 2023. https://news.un.org/es/ story/2023/02/1518832 Very hard work is being done on the problem of Disinformation; governments that, through laws and purposes for non-compliance, seek to end this problem.

The situation is that the owners of digital platforms want to evade the laws because they maintain that freedom of expression is taken away. One thing is freedom of expression, and another is the manipulation of people seeking the benefit of money. As has been observed, much of the misinformation is linked to Hate Speech. “The devastating effect of hate is, unfortunately, nothing new. However, its scale and impact are amplified today by new communication technologies, to the point that hate speech has become one of the most frequent methods of spreading divisive rhetoric and ideologies on a global scale”. UN- International Day to Counter Hate Speech - June 18, 2021. https://www.un.org/es/observances/ countering-hate-speech We are witnessing the way in which many rulers or would-be rulers have the means to clean up their image and that is how they maintain their popularity. “The Action Plan defines hate speech as: ‘any type of communication whether oral or written —or also behavior— that attacks or uses pejorative or discriminatory language in reference to a person or group based on who they are, in other words, based on their religion, ethnicity, nationality, race, color, ancestry, gender or other forms of identity”. UN - International Day to Counter Hate Speech - June 18. 2021. https://www.un.org/es/observances/ countering-hate-speech This is where you think about what to study for. Studying will give you the knowledge to distinguish lies and know how to look for the truth.

In addition, you will also understand that human beings have abilities that they have to develop. All hate speech is based on the search for profit. Benefits are achieved and maintained with the strength of the study. All those people who fill social networks today, all that false information on the platforms will be in the world we live in as long as we continue to pay attention to them: that is their triumph. “The United Nations #No- ToHate campaign offers ideas on how to learn and share knowledge on issues related to combating hate speech”. UN- International Day to Counter Hate Speech - June 18. 2021. https://www.un.org/es/observances/counteringhate- speech The UN has even declared June 18 as Day to Counter Hate Speech. The question is: who said that there are beings that have different organs that make them better. You can be born in a poor country, but by having the use of better equipment and proposals for study you will develop extraordinary abilities. There are no beings in this world with different organs that make them better. “The resolution proclaimed June 18 as Day to Counter Hate Speech, which will be commemorated for the first time in 2022 through an informal high-level meeting on Monday, June 20 (10 a.m. New York time) in the headquarters of the United Nations”. UN - International Day to Counter Hate Speech - June 18. 2021. https://www.un.org/es/ observances/countering-hate-speech Making each human being discover for themselves where they are lacking and the ways in which they can get out of them is how we will live better. Nowadays, faced with so much misinformation and hate speech, we do not know where we are going.

Money is used to buy, but it doesn’t buy happiness. Being happy is achieving the goals for the development of those skills with which you were born and that is not interchangeable. “By fostering global resilience against this pernicious phenomenon, we can strengthen the bonds of society and build a better world for all”. UN- International Day to Counter Hate Speech - June 18. Guterres. Secretary General of the United Nations. In Resources. United Nations Strategy and Plan of Action to combat hate speech . 2021. https://www.un.org/es/observances/ countering-hate-speech The UN shows the different ways in which hate speech occurs: Xenophobia Racism Misogyny Antisemitism What is gained by hating another? “In response to alarming trends of increasing xenophobia, racism and intolerance, violent misogyny, anti-Semitism and hatred of Muslims around the world, UN Secretary-General António Guterres presented the United Nations Strategy and Plan of Action for the fight against Hate Speech on June 18, 2019”. UN- Hate speech . Guterres. Secretary General of the United Nations. 2023. https:// www.un.org/es/hate-speech The UN supports removing hatred through holistic education. You have the benefit that the University where you study your program —Atlantic International University— offers your program with a holistic research system. What does ‘studies with a holistic system or method’ mean? It means that in addition to demonstrating or verifying, you present the social good of your research. The holistic method means that after you quantify or qualify according to the science you study, your research ends with the benefit for your community, for your nation and for the whole world.

“The strategy emphasizes the need to counter hate holistically, while respecting freedom of opinion and expression, and to collaborate with relevant stakeholders, including civil society organisations, the media, businesses technology and social media platforms. In 2921, the General Assembly adopted a resolution proclaiming June 18 as the International Day against Hate Speech”. UN- Hate speech . Guterres. Secretary General of the United Nations. 2023. https://www.un.org/es/ hate-speech Hate is the contempt for others, considering that they are worthless. Today we are witnessing the global increase in poverty. Where does the increase in poverty come from? Poverty arises from those who want everything for themselves. Every day we have more poor people and the owners of great fortunes with more money. “Hate speech is an alarm signal: the louder it sounds, the greater the threat of genocide. It precedes and promotes violence”. Guterres, UN- Hate speech . Guterres. Secretary General of the United Nations. 2023. https://www.un.org/es/ hate-speech People are starved, and also made to feel worthless. Most rulers boast that their subjects are doing wonderfully; what they do not say is the way in which they make up, through platforms their images and results. “Meanwhile, the growing use of social networks as a weapon with which to spread divisive and hate speech has been favored by the algorithms of internet companies”. UN- Understand what hate speech is . 2021. https://www.un.org/es/hatespeech/ understanding-hate-speech/ what-is-hate-speech Study so that you always know where the truth is and so that no one deprives you of being happy by developing the skills with which you were born. Disinformation and Hate Speech are ways to manipulate others. Be free studying and working your program.

Aspects of human personality

Simone S. Kelly | Doctorate in Human Resource Management | Part 1/2

1.0 Introduction There are many factors in society that contribute to the shaping of an individual’s identity. One’s identity is shaped by an individual whom they are associated with as well as happenings within society. Self-identity is composed of relatively permanent selfassessments, such as knowledge of one’s skills, personality attributes and abilities, occupation and hobbies, and awareness of one’s physical attributes. For example, the concept of being lazy is a contributing factor to one’s perception of self and underestimating one’s capabilities. (Atherton, Grij alva, Roberts, & Robins, 2021). An individual’s identity can also be shaped by past and future experiences which may be associated with fears, hopes standards, threats, and goals that are set. The way an individual perceives things and how they express themselves is shaped by the actions taken to enhance their life experiences. It is important to note that an individual’s personality is not dependent on their name, or place of origin. It is their identity that provides the substrate for the construction of their group identity. As such it is fair to conclude that an individual’s identity is a product of their social environment. (Adler, Lodi - Smith, Phi llippe,& Houle, 2016). An individual’s personality is also shaped by their selfconcept and identity. When an individual has an understanding of who they are and what they stand for it encourages them to think positively about themselves and have high selfesteem. Every society is indeed challenged with problems that can affect the social and emotional well-being of individuals. These factors affect society and its overall functioning. It is therefore necessary that individuals constantly evaluate themselves along with the actions and responses taken to address a particular situation.

Conforming to societal norms can have reciprocating effects on individuals as well as society in general. A fully functioning society is dependent on the perceptions of individuals and what contributes to their behavior in a changing world. This paper is categorized into five main sections. For sections one and two a general overview of the relationship between personality and identity. The third section will discuss various ethical issues that are affecting society. The fourth section speaks to the theories that cater to a better understanding of social issues while the last section highlights recommendations and conclusions drawn.

2.0 Overview Key terms • Identification: This is an effort exerted to show sympathy, give support, and understanding towards others. • Compliance: This is the tendency to agree or conform to the wishes or requests of others. • Conformity: This means abiding by or acknowledging the standards set within society which results in social uniformity.

2.1 Critiques of Freudian Theory In learning about one’s personality it is important to focus on psychoanalytic functions. This is key because it is important to know how one develops a sense of self, and how they go about dealing with issues that may or may not affect their holistic development. (Beer, 2016). Individuals need to know about their growth and progress and things that contribute to their overall wellness. The truth is that individuals are unique in their way, they are creative and are considered responsible for decisions taken. The Psychoanalytic counselling theory holds that psychological problems result from the present-day influence of unconscious psychological drives or motivations stemming from past relationships and experiences. Psychoanalytic theory has been the foundation from which more than four hundred counselling theories have developed. Freud expanded on three components that contribute to an individual’s response to situations. Firstly, the Id means that basic needs and instincts operate according to the “pleasure principle;” 2) Ego –is the “executive of the mind”, which allows an individual to make conscious decisions; 3) is the Superego deals with the conscience that one possesses which is in line with moral principles. (Tauber, 2012). Freudian Theory on Personality Many may argue that the characteristics of an individual tell who he or she is. However Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality, personality expanded more on the idea as the three elements were expanded on. These three elements of personality are known as “the id, the ego, and the superego”. Sigmund Freud (1965), posited three parts to identity formation, one of which links identity to the perception of a common quality shared with other persons who are not linked by affinity. These characteristics work together to create complex human behaviours. (Cherry, 2019). Sigmund Freud focused on the conscious mind. Freud initiated that personality is composed of a conscious mind, a preconscious mind, and an unconscious mind. It was posited that the conscious mind knows about what is happening in the present. (Cronin, Lawrence, Taylor, Norton, &Kazantzis 2015).

2.2 What is Personality? An individual’s personality is dynamic. An individual’s personality is a reflection of who they are and this is shown in what they do and what they say.There are several factors that have shaped an individual’s personality. Two major factors are social factors and past experiences. Social factors have influenced the development of my identity. The behavior of an individual is reflected in their personality and it helps to differentiate us from other individuals. Within the field of psychology, there is an adage that says “Some things change; some things stay the same.” This indicates that an individual’s personality shows who they are inside out. (Cherry, 2023). An individual’s personality is shaped over time. One’s personality is shaped through interaction with friends, family, culture and tradition, and one’s personal interests. All these elements have contributed to one’s personal growth and development. The social factors also contribute to how individuals relate to others and their immediate environment which contributes to their holistic development. Individuals need to have a level of consciousness as this influences one’s personal identity. The factor of experience also contributes to the shaping a person’s identity. Many individuals are of the view that past situations should be left in the past while others have a different opinion and believe that past experiences can be used to shape who they are. SEE FIGURE 1 3.0 Obedience and Conformity Conformity results in a change in behaviour. In a society, humans are expected to abide by societal norms. These norms are rules that are implied and shared and cater to better interaction with each other in society. Three types of conformity are used to govern society these include compliance, identification, and internalization. Even though individuals may comply with society they may also keep their original beliefs to themselves. Conformity results in a change in behaviour or belief that they may hold. The behaviour change also influences one’s identification. Identification is being compatible or working with someone who is respected by the individual. Internalization is the notion of accepting the belief or how an individual behaves as they conform both privately and publicly if the source of information received is credible. (Taylor, 2022) Obedience is considered to be conforming to social influence being that it is an act through which individuals accept instructions or follow orders from a person in authority. With a focus on human behaviour, obedience differs from compliance, as this type of behaviour is influenced by peers. It can also be compared to conformity which is behaviour intended to suit the majority. For these reasons, obedience can be seen as both a virtue and a sin. For clarification when an individual orders the death of an innocent person and he or she does this willingly, it is considered a sin. However, if an order is made to kill an enemy who will end the lives of many innocent people, and the act is done willingly it can be considered a virtue. Injustice is also dominant in many societies.

The presence of remediable inequality may result in unwanted behaviour being displayed in society. Social Justice is important as it is associated with the way people live, and not just how they respond to societal events. (Deranty, 2016) Obedience is foundational and it acts as a mechanism that allows people to function within society. Without obedience, rules would not make sense and this would result in chaos and anarchy. Obedience brings forth stability without this component the productivity and well-being of the individuals become non-existent. In comparing conformity and obedience it can be concluded that obedience is the modification of behaviour that is manifested and carried out through the instructions issued by an authority figure. SEE FIGURE 2 Within a society, Individuals function or operate in accordance to their social groups and this highlights the relationship that exists between social justice and social groups. Social groups also highlight the position of individuals within society as well as their perspective on a particular matter. The views of others may be different to others outside of group membership, a conceptualization of moral agency which may result in social change. Within society, Social groups contribute to the structural changes needed to bring about the political and economic changes that are necessary for social justice to exist. A behaviour change can inspire the collective actions taken by individuals and can be a powerful source of deliberation which is ultimately the most powerful aspect of functioning in society. The concept of socialism was first introduced by Karl Marx and Fredric Engels in their book, ‘The Communist Manifesto’ Socialism refers to a system under which the economic system is controlled and regulated by the government. (Hodgson, 2019) The concept ensures that there is welfare and equal opportunity are afforded to individuals in society. The opportunities given to individuals in society can be related to the extent to which they abide by rules or conform to the rules set. Humans tend to imitate the actions of others. Although there are individuals in society who are not aware of their actions, it is observed that we often mimic the gestures, body posture, language, talking speed, and many other behaviours of the people interact with. Researchers find that this mimicking increases the connection between people and allows our interactions to flow more smoothly as well as function in society. (Gensch ow, Klomfar, d’Haene, & Brass ) TO BE CONTINUED

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