Samantha C. Nortier’s examination of “The Rise of Modern International Order” delves into the historical and ideological foundations of the contemporary global system. It emphasizes the role of the liberal international order in fostering peace, stability, and cooperation among nations since the late 1940s. The document explores how concepts like the “standard of civilization” have shaped global inequalities and power dynamics, particularly during the era of imperialism. Nortier also highlights the influence of technological advancements, such as industrialization, on social structures and international relations. By analyzing these interconnected elements, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of the complexities of the modern international order and the ongoing challenges it faces in promoting equity and justice worldwide.